This post is taken from part of an e-mail that I sent a couple of month ago to someone who wrote to me about the Catholic view of celibacy. He was apparently a Protestant. The lives of St. Elijah and St. John the Baptist came up in the course of the e-mail exchange, as part of the Biblical foundation for monasticism. He asked me where the Bible says Elijah was a hermit or that Elijah didn't have a wife. I have revised and added a few things here to my response.
St. Edith Stein, in an article titled "On the History and Spirit of Carmel (in The Hidden Life, ICS Publications), wrote, "Elijah stands before God's face because all of his love belongs to the Lord." It
is a reference to I Kings 17:1 ("As the LORD the God of Israel lives,
before whom I stand, there shall be neither dew nor rain these years,
except by my word.") Scripture does not mention his parents,
a wife, or children.
The Catholic Encyclopedia page on Hermits mentions St. Elijah, St. John the Baptist and Jesus as precursors of the hermits of the Early Church. St. Elijah and St. John the Baptist, of course, were precursors of Jesus, and the hermits' lives imitated the life of Jesus first and foremost.
I Kings 17 describes the Lord telling Elijah:
"Leave here, go east and hide in the Wadi Cherith, east of the Jordan. You shall drink of the stream, and I have commanded ravens to feed you there. So he left and did as the LORD had commanded. He went and remained by the Wadi Cherith, east of the Jordan. Ravens brought him bread and meat in the morning, and bread and meat in the evening, and he drank from the stream. After some time, however, the brook ran dry, because no rain had fallen in the land. So the LORD said to him: "Move on to Zarephath of Sidon and stay there. I have designated a widow there to provide for you."
Elijah was alone in the Brook of Cherith. God provided a widow to provide for him in Zarepath, rather than a wife.
From there, he went to Mt. Carmel (I Kings 18). There, we read:
"So Obadiah went to meet Ahab and informed him. Ahab came to meet Elijah, and when he saw Elijah, said to him, "Is it you, you disturber of Israel?" "It is not I who disturb Israel," he answered, "but you and your family, by forsaking the commands of the LORD and following the Baals."
Elijah mentioned the people and their families who followed the Baals, so families were not being left out of the writing. But there is no mention of Elijah having a family. He is always described as alone. At Mt. Carmel, after the prophets of Baal were slain, we read, "But the hand of the LORD was on Elijah, who girded up his clothing and ran before Ahab as far as the approaches to Jezreel." Again, this would be a difficult environment for him to have traveled with a wife and children.
In I Kings 19, after Jezebel threatened Elijah, we read:
"Elijah was afraid and fled for his life, going to Beer-sheba of Judah. He left his servant there and went a day's journey into the desert, until he came to a broom tree and sat beneath it. He prayed for death: "This is enough, O LORD! Take my life, for I am no better than my fathers."
So, Scripture specifically mentions that he left a servant, but does not mention a wife or children. If he had had a wife with him, it would have been natural there for Scripture to say that he left his servant and family.
Also, in I Kings 19, Elijah is sleeping alone in the desert and eating what God provides. "He looked and there at his head was a hearth cake and a jug of water. After he ate and drank, he lay down again." Then, "he walked forty days and forty nights to the mountain of God, Horeb."
Matthew Chapter 3 describes St. John the Baptist in a similar vein:
"In those days John the Baptist appeared, preaching in the desert of Judea (and) saying, "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand!" It was of him that the prophet Isaiah had spoken when he said: "A voice of one crying out in the desert, 'Prepare the way of the Lord, make straight his paths.'" John wore clothing made of camel's hair and had a leather belt around his waist. His food was locusts and wild honey."
Like Elijah, John the Baptist was "crying in the desert", wearing what God provided and eating what God provided. The description of both of them in Scripture is similar to the lives of the hermits of the Early Church.
In their poverty, they foreshadowed Jesus's own way of life. In St. John's Gospel Chapter 1, people asked John the Baptist if he was the prophet Elijah returned to life, and he said he was not. The prophecy said to have been fulfilled by John the Baptist is from Isaiah 40:3: "A voice cries out: In the desert prepare the way of the Lord." Luke 9:58 tells us that Jesus said of himself, "the Son of man has nowhere to lay his head."
Jesus was never married. Luke
6:12 speaks of Jesus going into the mountain and spending all night in
prayer. He spent 40 days in the desert, tempted by the devil.
The Desert Fathers of the Early Church were known for following Christ's way of life in many ways. St. John the Baptist, Elijah, and the early desert hermits were linked together by the Early Church at least as far back as the Fourth Century. John Cassian mentions it in writing about the Desert Fathers in the fourth century. In Chapter IV of his Conferences, John Cassian wrote:
"This practical life then, which as has been said rests on a double system, is distributed among many different professions and interests. For some make it their whole purpose to aim at the secrecy of an anchorite and purity of heart, as we know that in the past Elijah and Elisha, and in our own day the blessed Antony [St. Anthony of the Desert] and others who followed with the same object, were joined most closely to God by the silence of solitude."
In Chapter VI, Cassian wrote:
"So then there sprang from that system of which we have spoken another sort of perfection, whose followers are rightly termed anchorites; i.e., withdrawers, because, being by no means satisfied with that victory whereby they had trodden under foot the hidden snares of the devil, while still living among men, they were eager to fight with the devils in open conflict, and a straightforward battle, and so feared not to penetrate the vast recesses of the desert, imitating, to wit, John the Baptist, who passed all his life in the desert, and Elijah and Elisha and those of whom the Apostle speaks as follows: "They wandered about in sheepskins and goatskins, being in want, distressed, afflicted, of whom the world was not worthy, wandering in deserts, in mountains and in dens and in caves of the earth."
Early monasteries and groups of hermits were established early in Church history in the places associated with Elijah. St. Catherine's Monastery (Orthodox Church) on Mt. Sinai is near the
place where Elijah is said to have spent 40 days and 40 nights
communing with God. Christian Hermits began to settle there in the
third century.
There was a group of them on Mt. Carmel by 570 a.d., when they were mentioned in writing, and probably much earlier. The well of Elijah on Mt. Carmel was also the location of a much later church by Latin-speaking hermits who settled there during the Crusades (the beginnings of the Catholic Church's Carmelite orders).
So, I told the person who wrote to me about celibacy, that marriage is a calling, and that celibacy is also a calling, and it is honorable and just as natural. To say that either is natural does not mean that it is easy. Both require the Holy Spirit's power, and neither works well if limited exclusively to what is "natural.
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